UNIT 5. MAKING A SPEECH.

1. ANALYZING A SPEECH

1) EARLY WRITING


evidence - 
He made many claims, but he presented no evidence to support them. 
speech - 
generation - 
His speech was targeted at the younger generation. 
explored - 
She talked about exploring new methods. 
ancestors - 
Do you know who your ancestors were? 
debate - обсуждать
Ethan listened to the debate over climate change. 
format - 
The storytelling format has changed a lot. 

2) SIGNPOSTING

to let your audience know you will start your speech and make the first point:
To start with, I'd like to thank everyone for coming.

I'd like to begin by talking about our new books. The first point I'd like to make is that the library is a safe place to meet.

to let your audience know you have finished a point and are about to introduce a new point. More than this infers that the next point is more important than the last:
In addition, we'll be open on Sundays.
Another issue to consider is how we will fund the full-time employee.
Another point is that students will be able to get help from tutors here.
More than this, the library will foster personal growth.

to let your audience know you are about to conclude your speech:
Finally, I want to thank local citizens.
In summation, we are very fortunate.
To sum up, we are entering a new era.
In conclusion, the new library is a tremendous resource.


3) USING VISUAL AIDS

Take a look at the..
Please take a look at the graph on page two. 
Let me bring your attention to...
Let me bring your attention to the chart. 
What we have here is...
What we have here is quarterly profits. 
If you direct your eyes to...
If you direct your eyes to the screen, I'll begin
This...shows...
This picture shows the headquarters.  


4) ANALYZING A SPEECH 

2. MAKING A SPEECH MORE PERSUASIVE

1) FORMING ADJECTIVES 

- forming adjectives from certain nouns by adding these suffixes: -ant, -ent, -ical, -ist, -ive, -ous:

hypothesis  - hypothetical

difference  -  different

lenience - lenient

race - racist

sex - sexist

offense  - offensive

danger - dangerous

- by adding -ful or -less, some nouns can be turned into adjectives that are opposites of each other:

care - careful - careless

harm - harmful - harmless

fear - fearful - fearless

power - powerful - powerless

- you can form adjectives from verbs, with suffixes such as -atory, -ive and -able:

discriminate - discriminatory

accuse - accusatory

attract - attractive

innovate - innovative

impress - impressive

comfort - comfortable

do - doable

- you can also form adjectives from verbs with the suffixes -ed or -ing:

demand - demanding

amuse - amusing

shock - shocking

annoy - annoyed

worry - worried

delight - delighted

2) PERSUADING

- provide examples that support your opinion
In my opinion, the human population boom isn't the end of the world. In fact, it's just a sign of better things to come. First of all, the population will only increase until the end of this century. Then it will decline, bringing an easier life for all of us. Fewer people means more jobs and more available real estate.

- use statistical and historical facts and figures:
The United Nations expects the population to increase to 10 billion by the end of the century

The Black Death killed one third of Europe's population in the 14th century. After the Black Death, there was the renewed optimism and prosperity of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. - rhetorical questions allow you to provide the 'correct' answers to the audience and include opinions that you want to establish: What happens when there's less demand for real estate? Prices drop.Should you really care what happens a hundred years from now? Yes, because future generations will be dealing with radical changes. -  to tell the audience that, like many of them, you used to have a different opinion, but now you've changed your mind. This implies they should have a change of heart, too: I used to be worried about overpopulation. I've changed my mind, though. I now look at our booming population as a chance at a new model for society.

3) SEQUENCE MARKERS

4) MAKING A SPEECH MORE PERSUASIVE

3. PRACTICING A RETIREMENT SPEECH

1) GIVING A RETIREMENT SPEECH

2) SIGNPOSTING 

I'd like to begin with a quote by Benjamin Franklin. 

To sum up, it won't be the same in our department without you.

One reason we'll be sorry to see him go is that he has saved the company so much money.

Two important points are that he has a great sense of humor and always cheers everyone up.

To start, let's all stand and give John a round of applause. 

In conclusion, our business will suffer without your awesome sales skills. 

3) OPENING AND CLOSING REMARKS 

I do thank you for your kind attention.

There's two-month probation when you're first hired.

Our core value is the satisfaction of our clients. 

Takeovers are inevitably nerve-racking.

Run your one-liner by me.

How should I link the milestones up?

Let's raise our glasses to Benjamin!

4) PRACTICING A RETIREMENT SPEECH

4. WRITING A WEDDING TOAST

1) THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

Commemorate - отмечать
I wrote a poem to commemorate your wedding. 
Conceived - разработанный
The speech was conceived at the bachelor party.
Keynote - лейтмотив
He'll deliver the keynote speech at the conference. 
Top of the bill - на верху афиши
Immortal - бессметрный
Perish - погибать
The heart of the matter - суть дела
Enough joking. Let's get to the heart of the matter.  
Brevity - краткость
Turning points - поворотные моменты
Their second date was a turning point in their relationship. 

2) THE NEGATIVE PREFIX "IN-"

The prefix in- means not when added to an adjective. It's the same in meaning as the prefix un-.

It's just a bachelor party. You can give a very informal speech. Olivia's outfit was very informal for a wedding. The speech was pretty ineffective. Everyone was bored. His speech was ineffective because no one could understand him. You're so indecisive – just say 'yes!' I'm too insecure to talk in front of big crowds. Getting down on your knee is not indirect. Sal booked an indirect flight from New York to Paris, stopping in London. He said many nice things, but they sounded insincere. I think he lied through the entire speech! He was being very insincere.  Be careful; the prefix in- doesn't always mean not. It can also mean into, toward, upon or within, as with these words:He became very intoxicated and was high-fiving the bride's father. The cost for the band is not incidental. Mike and Abby, your love is inspirational. She didn't seem inhibited while dancing on the table. Don't confuse the prefix in- with the prefix inter-, which means between, as with these words:There were too many interruptions in the meeting! Their wedding invitation was quite interactive.

3) OPENING AND CLOSING REMARKS

Welcome, everyone to the wedding reception.
I'd like to thank you all for coming to our wedding.
In conclusion, I do thank you for your kind attention. 
Thank you for inviting me to come to this memorable event. 
Here's to the groom!
Let's raise our glasses to Lisa and Mikhail!

Good afternoon! I'm Mia, Lisa's friend.
Before I start, I'd like to thank Lisa's parents for having us.
The first point I'll make is that Mikhail's always been devoted to Lisa.
She is also just as committed to him.
In addition to supporting each other, Lisa and Mikhail are loyal to family and friends.
In conclusion, they are a perfect match.
On that note, I'll propose a toast. 

4) INVERSION FOR EMPHASIS

There are many ways to add emphasis in a sentence. One way is to invert, or reverse, the regular word order of a sentence. 
Never have I seen someone turn so red.

The basic structure of this kind of inverted sentence is:

negative adverb (never / seldom / rarely) + auxiliary or modal verb (had / do / will) + rest of sentence

Seldom do you see such warmth. Rarely do I forget a face.Never have we been luckier. Seldom do we hear Tabatha complain. Rarely do you see a couple so committed. Another way to invert word order and add emphasis is to use a cleft sentence. The simplest type of cleft sentence is one that begins with It's:

It was her sensitive nature that attracted him.
It was his generosity that attracted her.  

We three have always been lucky to have these two as our parents. And never have we been luckier than today to be able to celebrate this occasion. They lived in a small one-bedroom apartment without any family nearby. Mom wasn't used to that, but seldom did we hear her complain. In the early years, it was macaroni and cheese they dined on, not steak and wine. Despite that, rarely did we have a bad meal. As our uncle Ron said at their wedding 50 years ago: it was fate that brought them together. Now, fate has kept them together.  

5) WRITING A WEDDING TOAST